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Lighting accounts for more than 30% of the total electricity consumption of commercial buildings in the United States.1 Effective lighting systems involve the integration of lighting technologies with the building as a whole — across the lifecycle of a building. Green technologies and design strategies are more conducive to energy and financial savings, human health, productivity, and satisfaction.
Lighting choices in offices affect:
Exterior lighting typically serves one or more of the following purposes: aesthetics, security, or utility. Facade, parking, and walkway lighting present a tremendous opportunity for savings, as these lights are on for nearly half the year. Exterior lighting may also be known as outdoor lighting. Though the terms may be used interchangeably, exterior lighting may refer specifically to light fixtures that are mounted on the exterior of a building or integrated into a building’s architecture, while outdoor lighting may be used more broadly to describe any light fixtures located in outdoor spaces, such as streets, parks, and parking lots. Exterior lighting should be downward facing to limit light pollution and designed to reduce light trespass. Reflectors, deflectors, and covers can be used to maximize the efficiency of the light source. Exterior lighting systems, coupled with lighting controls such as motion detectors and photosensors, ensure an energy efficient and safe area beyond the building facade. LED lighting lasts longer and uses less energy than other lamp types, such as incandescent, fluorescent, or HID. Learn more about lighting by exploring guidance on selecting the most cost-effective and energy-efficient lighting systems [PDF - 9 MB] and for large-scale community projects, see DOE Better Building’s outdoor lighting accelerator toolkit.
The building characteristic that has the most significant impact on workplace lighting is fenestration, the arrangement of windows and doors on the elevations of the building. This should be considered in the lighting ecosystem when developing a strategy to optimize daylighting. This includes horizontal and vertical orientation of windows, as well as their placement, size, spacing, and quantity. Fenestration must be designed in such a way as to avoid direct sunlight on task surfaces or into occupants’ eyes.
Design considerations include:
For more information on daylighting, explore the Whole Building Design Guide daylighting page.
Glare, or excessive brightness within the field of view, is an aspect of daylighting that can cause discomfort and eye strain to occupants. It is important to reduce glare and avoid direct sunlight on task surfaces. Incorporate shading devices and window glazing technologies to keep work environments healthy and productive. Strategies include:
System relationships:
HVAC
IEQ
Emergency lighting is critical to any building design and can be designed for minimal energy use. Emergency light fixtures are battery powered and automatically turn on if there is a loss of power to the space, illuminating pathways toward exits. Lighted exit signs have a battery backup or are connected to emergency systems that supply power during an outage. Self-luminous exit signs emit a constant glow without requiring electricity or batteries. Retrofit kits convert lighted exit signs from incandescent-type lamps to LED. For guidance on selecting the most cost-effective and energy-efficient lighting systems available, see our LED lighting and controls guidance [PDF - 9 MB].
System relationships:
HVAC
The lighting system plays a significant role in the overall indoor environmental quality of the office space.2,3 General lighting is designed to provide a substantially uniform level of illuminance throughout an area, exclusive of any provision for special local requirements.4 General lighting selection should be driven by efficiency, lamp life, color quality of the light, and its intended use with a combination of direct and indirect light sources. The ceiling layout impacts the effectiveness of a general lighting scheme. Use a non-uniform lighting layout to give more visual stimulation and appeal, supplemented as appropriate with daylighting, task lighting and accent lighting.
Lighting system components are lamps; fixtures—reflectors, diffusers, and lenses; ballasts — for some types of lamps, and controls. Light emitting diode or LED lamps have become common in most workplace environments, but fluorescent and high-intensity discharge or HID lamps may be preferred for certain applications. Consider the lamp, fixture, and appropriate controls, as well as ceiling, floor, and wall surface reflectance values, to maximize light levels while minimizing energy consumption.
For guidance on selecting the most cost-effective and energy-efficient lighting systems available, see our LED lighting and controls guidance [PDF - 9 MB].
System relationships:
HVAC
IEQ
Daylighting uses light originating from the sun as a substitute for electrical lighting. The best proven lighting strategy is to employ layers of light — using daylight for basic ambient light levels while providing occupants with additional lighting options to meet their needs.
An effective daylighting strategy appropriately illuminates the building space, through side-lighting and top-lighting apertures such as windows and skylights, without subjecting occupants to glare or major variations in lighting levels. Daylight can be reflected into the interior of the space using light shelves at the building’s perimeter or light tubes from the roof. Daylighting can reduce energy consumption from lighting and provide a visually stimulating and productive environment for occupants.
Daylighting analysis:
A critical first step to optimizing the benefits of daylight, including to occupants’ circadian rhythms, is understanding daylighting conditions. A daylighting analysis is a simulation of daylight levels within a space at various times of the day and year and can inform the placement and size of windows and skylights in new construction projects, as well as the treatment of windows, use of space, design of electric lighting systems, placement of furniture and selection of colors and finishes in any project. A daylighting analysis using lighting simulation software can simulate daylight illuminance levels and patterns, model how to integrate electric lighting based on available daylight, identify when and where glare may need to be controlled, and estimate energy savings. Daylighting analyses are best conducted by a professional lighting consultant as early as possible in the design process.
Integrating daylighting with electric lighting and controls:
Daylight-responsive lighting controls are an essential component of any daylighting strategy. Photosensor controls that adjust the level of electric lighting according to the amount of daylight available will yield the greatest benefit. Switching controls turn some or all of the electric lighting off when there is sufficient daylight. Dimming controls modulate the electric lighting depending on the available level of daylight.
Operation and maintenance:
Key to the success of an effective daylighting strategy is the education and engagement of occupants and operations and maintenance personnel. Commissioning is important to ensure that the daylighting controls and electric lighting are properly installed and configured. Occupants should be educated about acceptable levels and benefits of daylight and the features of the daylighting strategy. This not only contributes to occupant comfort but empowers occupants to be advocates for the proper operation of the lighting system and controls. Operations and maintenance personnel must be educated about all aspects and components of the daylighting strategy and how to continually evaluate the system’s performance, as well as trained on the functionality and maintenance requirements of the electric lighting and controls.
System relationships:
HVAC
IEQ
Surface reflectance, or light reflectance value, is a measurement of how much visible light, on a scale from 0% to 100%, is reflected off of a surface when that surface is illuminated by a light source. Walls, ceilings, and furniture surfaces should be of light color, high surface reflectance, and low glare. Maximizing surface reflectance avoids high contrast for visual tasks and reduces the output required of the lighting system, making the space more visually comfortable, economical, and energy efficient.
System relationships:
IEQ
Lighting controls can be used to manually or automatically turn lights on and off or control lighting levels according to daylight conditions. Lighting controls are critical for minimizing energy use and maximizing space functionality and occupant satisfaction. Common types of lighting controls include manual controls like switches and dimmers and automated controls such as vacancy sensors, occupancy sensors, photosensors, dimmers, and timers. In addition to controlling general lighting, sensors are useful for task lighting, such as under-shelf workstation lighting, and exterior lighting applications.
For guidance on streamlining your lighting control design, see GSA LED lighting and controls guidance [PDF - 9 MB].
For more information, see DOE Energy Saver lighting controls.
System relationships:
HVAC
IEQ
Furniture placement, dimensions and orientation have a significant impact on the effectiveness of general lighting. A daylight-optimized interior design considers furniture design, placement, and finishes to enhance lighting performance. For example, position work surfaces at a distance from windows that reduces the need for shading and may permit greater penetration of daylight but maximizes views to the outdoors. Choose finishes that reflect light diffusely (low gloss) to avoid causing glare. Locating private offices away from windows, toward the center of the building, and using transparent or translucent panels can optimize views and daylight for all occupants.
For example, by positioning work surfaces at a distance from the south facade, solar control is easier with smaller solar shading devices than if a desk or office is placed directly against the south facade. This concept is illustrated in the following figure and shows how a relatively small overhang provides full direct seasonal solar protection to the workspace. The area immediately adjacent to the south facade is circulation space.
Source: Whole Building Design Guide
System relationships:
IEQ
Task lighting is directed to a specific surface or area, providing illumination for visual tasks.6 In the office environment, providing task lighting at individual workstations and desks allows occupants control of their visual environment and could reduce the need for general lighting. Case studies have measured occupant comfort improvements between 10% and 16% with adjustable task lighting.7 Task lighting can come hard-wired in furniture or be as simple as a desk lamp. LED lamps and fixtures with articulated arms maximize energy savings and positive ergonomics. Consider controlling task lighting with occupancy sensors to avoid lights being left on when space is unoccupied.
For guidance on selecting the most cost-effective and energy-efficient lighting systems available, see our LED lighting and controls guidance [PDF - 9 MB].
System relationships:
HVAC
IEQ
Accent lighting is directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or surface feature, or to draw attention to a part of the field of view.8 Selective illumination, often located in entrance and lobby areas, can improve wayfinding, add brightness, create dramatic effects, and highlight points of visual interest. To manage energy use, utilize accent lighting to the minimal extent possible while still achieving desired aesthetic effects. For high-ceiling applications where bulb replacement is particularly challenging, consider long-life LED lighting strategies to minimize maintenance cost.
For guidance on selecting the most cost-effective and energy-efficient lighting systems available, see our LED lighting and controls guidance [PDF - 9 MB].
System relationships:
HVAC
1 Whole Building Design Guide | Energy Efficient Lighting
2 Committee to Review and Assess the Health and Productivity Benefits of Green Schools (2006). Review and Assessment of the Health and Productivity Benefits of Green Schools: An Interim Report. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
3 Heschong-Mahone Group (2003). Windows and classrooms: A Study of Student Performance and the Indoor Environment. Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission.
4 Illuminating Engineering Society | General Lighting
5 Milton, D.K., P.M. Glencross, and M.D. Walters (2000). Risk of Sick Leave Associated with Outdoor Air Supply Rate, Humidification, and Occupant Complaints. Indoor Air, 10(4): p. 212-21.
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Rates for Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. territories and possessions are set by the Department of Defense.
Rates for foreign countries are set by the Department of State.
Rates are available between 10/1/2022 and 09/30/2025.
The End Date of your trip can not occur before the Start Date.
Traveler reimbursement is based on the location of the work activities and not the accommodations, unless lodging is not available at the work activity, then the agency may authorize the rate where lodging is obtained.
Unless otherwise specified, the per diem locality is defined as "all locations within, or entirely surrounded by, the corporate limits of the key city, including independent entities located within those boundaries."
Per diem localities with county definitions shall include"all locations within, or entirely surrounded by, the corporate limits of the key city as well as the boundaries of the listed counties, including independent entities located within the boundaries of the key city and the listed counties (unless otherwise listed separately)."
When a military installation or Government - related facility(whether or not specifically named) is located partially within more than one city or county boundary, the applicable per diem rate for the entire installation or facility is the higher of the rates which apply to the cities and / or counties, even though part(s) of such activities may be located outside the defined per diem locality.
An SBA program that helps provide a level playing field for small businesses owned by socially and economically disadvantaged people or entities that meet the following eligibility requirements:
See Title 13 Part 124 of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.
A multiple-award IDIQ governmentwide acquisition contract offering complete and flexible IT solutions worldwide. A best-in-class GWAC and preferred governmentwide solution, Alliant 2 offers:
It provides best-value IT solutions to federal agencies, while strengthening chances in federal contracting for small businesses through subcontracting.
An agreement established by a government buyer with a Multiple Award Schedule contractor to fill repetitive needs for supplies or services.
Types of funds to use on specific expenses.
The work done to make a structure or system ready for use or to bring a construction or development project to a completed state.
A GSA SmartPay card that is a centrally billed account. The agency is invoiced for purchases and the federal government pays contractor banks directly. Examples include purchase, fleet, and some travel cards or accounts. See more on how to recognize card types.
Negotiated firm-fixed pricing on airline seats for official government travel. The locked-in ticket prices for the fiscal year save federal agencies time and money. Federal employees enjoy flexibility to change their plans without incurring penalties or additional costs. All negotiated rates have:
Use the CPP search tool to find current fares.
A space where individuals work independently or co-work collaboratively in a shared office. The work environment is similar to a typical office, usually inclusive of office equipment and amenities. Typical features of co-working facilities include work spaces, wireless internet, communal printer/copier/fax, shared kitchens, restrooms and open seating areas. May also be referred to as a “shared office.”
A system that is bought from a commercial vendor to solve a particular problem, as opposed to one that a vendor custom builds.
From 5 USC 5701(6), "continental United States" means the several states and the District of Columbia, but does not include Alaska or Hawaii.
An employee who negotiates and awards contracts with vendors and who has the sole authority to change, alter or modify a contract.
An employee whose duties are to develop proper requirements and ensure contractors meet the commitments during contract administration, including the timeliness and delivery of quality goods and services as required by the contract.
A request of GSA where a federal agency retains and manages all aspects of the procurement process and is able to work with the selected vendor after award.
An SBA program that gives preferential consideration for certain government contracts to businesses that meet the following eligibility requirements:
See Title 13 Part 127 Subpart B of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.
The primary regulation for federal agencies to use when buying supplies and services with funds from Congress.
Use acquisition.gov to browse FAR parts or subparts or download the full FAR in various formats.
The travel and relocation policy for all federal civilian employees and others authorized to travel at government expense.
A program that promotes the adoption of secure cloud services across the federal government by providing a standardized approach to security and risk assessment.
A GSA business line that provides safe, reliable, low-cost vehicle solutions for federal agency customers and eligible entities. Offerings include:
A charge card for U.S. government personnel to use when paying for fuel and maintenance of GSA Fleet vehicles. Find out where the Fleet card is accepted, how to use it and more.
A Department of Homeland Security program that allows members to use expedited lanes at U.S. airports and when crossing international borders by air, land and sea.
A charge card for certain U.S. Government employees to use when buying mission-related supplies or services using simplified acquisition procedures, when applicable, and when the total cost does not exceed micro-purchase thresholds.
A charge card for U.S. government personnel to use when paying for reimbursable expenses while on official travel. Visit smartpay.gsa.gov for more.
A vehicle used to perform an agency’s mission(s), as authorized by the agency.
Pre-competed, multiple-award, indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contracts that agencies can use to buy total IT solutions more efficiently and economically.
A ceremony marking the official start of a new construction project, typically involving driving shovels into ground at the site.
An online shopping and ordering system at gsaadvantage.gov that provides access for federal government employees and in some cases, state and local entities, to purchase from thousands of contractors offering millions of supplies and services.
An online auction site at gsaauctions.gov that allows the general public to bid on and buy excess federal personal property assets such as:
Real property for which GSA is responsible. It can be either federally owned or leased from a public or private property owner.
An SBA program that gives preferential consideration for certain government contracts to business that meet the following eligibility requirements:
See Title 13 Part 126 Subpart B of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.
A GSA SmartPay card that is an individually billed account. The cardholder is invoiced for purchases and the cardholder is responsible for payment and then the agency reimburses them. It is the most common for travel cards. See more on how to recognize card types.
A type of contract when the quantity of supplies or services, above a specified minimum, the government will require is not known. IDIQs help streamline the contract process and speed service delivery.
A fee paid by businesses who are awarded contracts under Multiple Award Schedule to cover GSA’s cost of operating the program. The fee is a fixed percentage of reported sales under MAS contracts that contractors pay within 30 calendar days following the completion of each quarter.
An investment in our nation’s infrastructure and competitiveness. The law provides funding for LPOE modernization projects that will create new good-paying jobs, bolster safety and security, and make our economy more resilient to supply chain challenges.
A written agreement entered into between two federal agencies, or major organizational units within an agency, which specifies the goods to be furnished or tasks to be accomplished by one agency (the servicing agency) in support of the other (the requesting agency).
A facility, also known as a border station, that provides controlled entry into or departure from the United States for persons or materials. It houses the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and other federal inspection agencies responsible for the enforcement of federal laws related to entering into or departing from the U.S.
An employee who is responsible for preparing, negotiating, awarding and monitoring compliance of lease agreements.
Criteria used to select the technically acceptable proposal with the lowest evaluated price. Solicitations must specify that award will be made on the basis of the lowest evaluated price of proposals meeting or exceeding the acceptability standards for non-cost factors.
The rate of reimbursement for driving a privately owned vehicle when your agency authorizes it. Current rates are at gsa.gov/mileage.
Long-term governmentwide contracts with commercial firms providing federal, state, and local government buyers access to more than 11 million commercial products and services at volume discount pricing. Also called Schedules or Federal Supply Schedules.
The standard federal agencies use to classify business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy.
A family of six separate governmentwide multiple award, IDIQ contracts for management and advisory, facilities, technical and engineering, logistics, intelligence services, research and development, environmental, and enterprise solutions.
A formal, signed agreement between GSA’s Public Buildings Service and a federal agency for a specific space assignment.
Services performed under a contract with a federal agency that include:
The per day rates for the lower 48 continental United States, which federal employees are reimbursed for expenses incurred while on official travel. Per diem includes three allowances:
An identification card that allows credentialed government personal to access facilities, computers, or information systems. May also be referred to as HSPD-12 card, LincPass, Smart Card, or CAC.
Furniture and equipment such as appliances, wall hangings, technological devices, and the relocation expenses for such property.
Information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual’s identity, either alone or when combined with other information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual. Get our agency's privacy policies and practices as they apply to our employees, contractors, and clients.
You should only drive a privately owned vehicle for official travel after your agency evaluates the use of:
When your agency has determined a POV to be the most advantageous method of transportation, you are authorized reimbursement for mileage and some additional allowances (parking, bridge, road and tunnel fees, etc.).
Approvals from GSA’s congressional authorizing committees, the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and the U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, for proposed capital and leasing projects that require funding over an annually established threshold.
Region 1 (New England): Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
Region 2 (Northeast and Caribbean): Northern New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands
Region 3 (Mid-Atlantic): Delaware, parts of Maryland, Southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, parts of Virginia, West Virginia
Region 4 (Southeast Sunbelt): Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
Region 5 (Great Lakes): Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Region 6 (Heartland): Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Region 7 (Greater Southwest): Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
Region 8 (Rocky Mountain): Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming
Region 9 (Pacific Rim): Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada
Region 10 (Northwest Arctic): Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
Region 11 (National Capital): Washington, D.C., area including parts of Maryland and Virginia
Formal agreements between GSA and a federal agency customer where GSA agrees to provide goods, services, or both, and the federal agency agrees to reimburse GSA’s direct and indirect costs. The customer portal for RWA information is called eRETA at extportal.pbs.gsa.gov.
A document used in negotiated procurements to communicate government requirements to prospective contractors (firms holding Multiple Award Schedule contracts) and to solicit proposals (offers) from them.
A document used to communicate government requirements, but which do not solicit binding offers. Quotations submitted in response are not offers. The Multiple Award Schedule order is the offer, and then the contractor can do something to show acceptance, like ordering supplies or contacting subcontractors.
An SBA program that gives preferential consideration for certain government contracts to businesses that meet the following eligibility requirements:
See Title 13 Part 128 Subpart B of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.
An SBA designation for businesses that meet size standards set for each NAICS code. Most manufacturing companies with 500 employees or fewer, and most non-manufacturing businesses with average annual receipts under $7.5 million, will qualify as a small business.
See Title 13 Part 121.201 of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.
To improve and stimulate small business utilization, we award contracts to businesses that are owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals. We have contracting assistance for:
A Small Business Administration program that gives preferential consideration for certain government contracts to business that meet the following eligibility requirements:
See Title 13 Section 124.1001 of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.
The basis for the lease negotiation process, which becomes part of the lease. SFOs include the information necessary to enable prospective offerors to prepare proposals. See SFO minimum requirements.
Specific supply and service subcategories within our Multiple Award Schedule. For the Information Technology Category, a SIN might be new equipment or cloud services.
An online system at sam.gov, which the U.S. Government uses to consolidate acquisition and award systems for use by contractors wishing to do business with the federal government. Formerly known as FBO.gov, all contracting opportunities valued over $25,000 are posted at sam.gov.
When you use a government purchase card, such as the "GSA SmartPay" travel card for business travel, your lodging and rental car costs may be exempt from state sales tax. Individually billed account travel cards are not tax exempt in all states. Search for exemption status, forms and important information.
The finishes and fixtures federal agency tenants select that take a space from a shell condition to a finished, usable condition and compliant with all applicable building codes and standards.
A statute that applies to all Multiple Award Schedule contracts, unless otherwise stated in the solicitation or contract, which requires contractors to sell to the U.S. Government only products that are manufactured or “substantially transformed” in the U.S. or a TAA-designated country.
Vendors report transactional data — information generated when the government purchases goods or services from a vendor — to help us make federal government buying more effective.
See our TDR page for which SINs are eligible and which line-item data to submit.
A unique number required to do business with the federal government.
An indicator of how efficiently a federal agency is currently using space, it is traditionally calculated by dividing the usable square feet of the space, by the number of personnel who occupy the space.
A Small Business Administration program that gives preferential consideration for certain government contracts to businesses that meet the following eligibility requirements:
A governmentwide acquisition contract exclusively for service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses to sell IT services such as:
The amount of solid waste, such as trash or garbage, construction and demolition waste, and hazardous waste, that is reused, recycled or composted instead of being put in a landfill or burned.
A GSA program designed to promote recycling and reuse of solid waste.
A Small Business Administration program that gives preferential consideration for certain government contracts to businesses that meet the following eligibility requirements:
See Title 13 Part 127 Subpart B of the Code of Federal Regulations for more information.